Empowering Students’ Imaginations of what Writing Could Be: Communicating Persuasively and Unconventionally with the Public Service Announcement
By Matthew Aaron Kim
Patricia Dunn (1995; 2001), implores teachers to introduce unconventional modes of representation to experienced and novice student writers in hopes that these writers can work with or against their customary thinking patterns to produce valuable insights in their writing. Dunn calls for composition teachers to “investigate and use whatever intellectual pathways we can to help writers generate, organize, reconceptualize, and revise thoughts and texts”…and that all writers would benefit from “multiple intellectual pathways to generate knowledge, and the world in general would benefit from the intellectual contributions of people traditionally excluded by print-loving pedagogies” (1). She cites Paulo Freire as a revolutionary in multimodal thinking as he engaged his students in “visual, tactile, and other literacies to help them develop language-based literacies” (58). Dunn also cites Patricia Bizzell as arguing ‘if learning to write can be seen as a process to think about one’s own thinking’ then “it suggests that other ways to represent thinking about one’s thinking could also be useful” (59). From that line of reasoning which engages teachers to think of introducing multiple representations in their pedagogies, Dunn suggests that teachers include visual activities and also sketching activities to students’ strategies for composing. Sketching, she argues, is an “unconventional mode for both experienced and novice writers” and “can work with or against their customary thinking patterns, producing valuable insights regarding overall purpose, structure, and use of evidence” (66). Dunn’s call for teachers to introduce unconventional modes of learning to experienced and novice writers is a challenge to teach writing to students of all abilities. I use the term “all abilities” to include students with learning differences.
I have always taught composition multimodally and with a variety of texts and technologies. Presently, I am testing out the short, innovative text Writer/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects (2014), coauthored by Kristin L. Arola, Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. The authors claim, and my years of teaching writing persuade me to concur, that writing and designing always work together: Whether authors are working with words, images, sound, or movement, decisions about what content says and how it looks and functions are necessarily entwined, even when we don’t pay conscious attention to their relationship (v).
Defining the Five Modes of Composition
Arola, Sheppard, and Ball define multimodal as a mash-up of multiple and mode. A mode, they write, “is a way of communicating,” (1) such as the words on this page and the images you will see throughout this article. Multimodal “describes how we combine multiple different ways of communicating in everyday life” (1).
The Linguistic Mode—referring to the use of language, which usually means written or spoken words
- Word choice
- The delivery of spoken or written text
- The organization of writing or speech into phrases, sentences, and paragraphs
- The development and coherence of individual words and ideas
The Visual Mode—referring to the use of images and other characteristics that readers see
- Color
- Layout
- Style
- Size
- Perspective
The Aural Mode—referring to sound
- Music
- Sound effects
- Ambient noise
- Silence
- Tone of voice
- Volume of sound
- Emphasis and accent
The Spatial Mode—referring to the physical arrangement
- Arrangement
- Organization
- Proximity between people or objects
The Gestural Mode—referring to the way movement, such as body language, can make meaning
- Facial expressions
- Hand gestures
- Body language
- Interaction between people
The authors of Writer/Designer also engage students and teachers in an important discussion about understanding media and affordances. Their argument is simple: different media use different combinations of modes and are good at doing different things (14). The different strengths and weaknesses of media are called affordances. For example, the visual mode affords us the opportunity to communicate emotion in an immediate way, while the linguistic mode affords us the time we need to communicate a set of detailed steps (15). In the section that follows, my students and I show you how we used the five modes of communication to create public service announcements on various topics important to the class.
Combining Modes to Create Public Service Announcements
In one section of my Writers’ Workshop, we have been busy composing and producing public service announcements that rely on multiple modes to deliver important messages. We discussed the reasons why an organization would produce a public service announcement—to change public opinion and to inform the public of matters concerning their health and happiness. The public service announcement project is certainly not new to students in composition courses. Richard and Cynthia Selfe (2008) argue that “because so much public communication involves this kind of persuasive communication and responsive action, students need to learn how to convince real audience—not just teachers—how to confront rich, meaningful, and complex communication tasks” (1). Students in my Writers’ Workshop class were asked to create a video PSA focused on an issue they have chosen, and, much like Selfe and Selfe’s assignment, “air it for the rest of the class in a studio review where they get suggestions for improvement, and revise their work in a second, more effective draft” (6).
The advice I always give to my students beginning the hard but rewarding work of multimodal and digital composition is the same advice I got from my mentors, Cindy Selfe and Cheryl Ball: start small, go low-tech, and work collaboratively, and don’t be afraid to ask for help from experts. Here are the learning outcomes from my own public service announcement project:
- Combine all five modes of communication—linguistic, visual, aural, spatial, and gestural
- Compose/design for intended and secondary audiences
- Determine purpose and rhetorical situation
- Determine context and genre
- Analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone
- Integrate and evaluate content presented in diverse formats and media
- Evaluate arguments and specific claims in a text, including the validity of the reasoning as well as the relevance and sufficiency of the evidence
- Analyze how two or more texts in a genre address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take
Some of the examples from which we learned about the conventions of the public service announcement genre are from the Truth campaign, an anti-smoking campaign that promotes awareness of the risks involved from smoking by putting on large, dramatic productions in urban areas. Here are two examples:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAIGPl_OeAg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfNSblZB9ho
From watching these and other public service announcements, we came to a consensus about the most common genre conventions. A genre convention can be thought of as a set of audience expectations. Here the ones we thought were worth remembering:
- present one single issue
- inform the viewer of key, relevant facts
- have a clear call to action (usually indicated through text on screen)
- might or might not include people
- might or might not use music
- sometimes use voice-overs
- sometimes use special effects (like black and white)
- might use transitions/editing to enhance the video
- aim to leave a lasting impact
The next steps in creating our public service announcements were for students to determine who are their intended and secondary audiences, the purposes, and the contexts for their projects. In rhetorical terms, an audience is an intended readership for a text. Purpose asks why this particular text, or what is the author’s motivation for creating a text. Context refers to where a text will be published and how it is meant to be read/seen/heard.
The method by which students produced their public service announcements depended on the audience, purpose, and contexts that appealed to them. Alex Sarbin, a student in my Writers’ Workshop class, wanted to produce a PSA that would appear on YouTube and that would be particularly noticed by gamers interested in Grand Theft Auto. Alex’s motivation was to create a PSA that advocated for driving sober. Alex and his crew (friends from his dorm) produced his PSA using Alex’s digital camera and edited it in iMovie.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsfVVsJBqbk
After the assignment was completed, Alex discussed what he learned from the project. He learned that there are alternatives to the traditional linguistic mode of communication, which was a relief for him considering he is a visual and aural learner. Alex also did not recognize the camera and iMovie as composing tools. One problem that Alex is acutely aware of is not all classes he will take in high school and college will allow him to compose projects in non-traditional modes of communication. For teachers at Eagle Hill, teaching in multiple modes may be embraced by colleagues, administrators, and parents because such teaching has a place in the learning diversity model of teaching; however, in public school, where teachers are required to adhere to a common core, teaching multimodally will certainly be met with hesitation or, worse, condemnation. For teachers at learning institutions where the imagination of what writing could be is limited, I suggest beginning to read arguments on why administrators need to invest in a curriculum that privileges multiple modes of communication, composition, and design. So that you may get started on making your argument, here are a few bibliographic resources from Ball, Arola, and Sheppard (2014):
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1BV6vuS3cc34v1HfmCvnzdlOjIJTZo8zbwSseT21iY94/edit
Works Cited:
Arola, Kristin L., Jennifer Sheppard, and Cheryl E. Ball. Writer/Designer: A Guide to Making Multimodal Projects. Boston: Bedford, 2014. Print.
Dunn, Patricia A. Learning Re-Abled: The Learning Disability Controversy and Composition
Studies. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook Publishers, 1995. Print.
Dunn, Patricia A. Talking, Sketching, Writing: Multiple Literacies in the Teaching of Writing. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 2001. Print.
Selfe, Richard J., and Cynthia L. Selfe. “Convince Me: Valuing Multimodal Literacies and Composing Public Service Announcements.” Theory into Practice 47: 83-92, 2008. PDF.
This is a wonderful article. I hope many classrooms begin using this program. It sounds like a fabulous way for kids to learn. It would be great if public schools would adopt this program also.
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